Cosmic Consolidation: A Critical Re-evaluation of Charles Sanders Peirce's Philosophy

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Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) remains one of the most enigmatic and encyclopedic figures in the history of philosophy. As a logician, mathematician, scientist, and the founder of pragmatism and modern semiotics, his work constitutes a vast and intricate architectonic system of thought.1 Yet, for over a century, the reception of this system has been characterized by a profound and persistent fragmentation. Scholars have often approached his work piecemeal, isolating his logic from his metaphysics, his semiotics from his cosmology, or his early writings from his late. This has given rise to a scholarly landscape marked by seemingly intractable debates: Was Peirce a scientific realist or an objective idealist